D-c Three and Their Qã¢â‚¬â„¢s Seoul Bulgogi Kimchee Beef Dog.

Dog meat consumption in South Korea
Canis familiaris meat for sale in Gyeongdong Marketplace, which no longer sells domestic dog meat
Korean proper name
Hangul	개고기
Revised Romanization	Gaegogi
McCune–Reischauer	Kaegogi
N Korean name
Hangul	단고기
Revised Romanization	Dan(-)gogi
McCune–Reischauer	Tan'gogi

The practice of dog meat in Korea originated predominantly from the Khitan refugees who spilled into Korea during the Goryeo (Koryo) Dynasty. These people were assimilated into the Joseon Dynasty as the Baekjeong class, the outset class of butchers, considered the everyman class in Joseon society^[one] (see adjacent section on history of the practice). The people who traditionally consume domestic dog meat have been predominantly descendants of this course and tend to be elderly, poor, and rural. For the past few decades, consuming dog meat has been controversial, especially inside South korea, due to conflicts between Korean beast rights activists calling for a ban of dog meat versus those who view the attacks as hypocritical for attacking simply i type of meat consumption, rather than all meat consumption,^[2] and those who oppose attacking a minority practice that is already declining.^[iii]

Consumption of dog meat has experienced a sharp decline over the past 3 decades in South Korea, mainly due to the demographic decline of the minority that consumes canis familiaris meat. Estimates of the number of animals consumed vary widely, from a few thousand per year to 1 or ii one thousand thousand. The estimates of one-2 million have been critiqued as non beingness based on actual data and having no scientific basis.^[4] Estimates are closer to tens of thousands per twelvemonth based on actual sales at the major markets in 2017. However, the numbers take declined since then, given that all of the major markets accept since shut down (see adjacent paragraph).

The largest dog meat market, Moran Market, officially shutdown in 2018 following years of declining sales; though, some illegal sales were discovered in 2021.^[v] According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Nutrient and Rural Diplomacy, approximately 200 canis familiaris farms have been reported.^[6] In 2018, the Taepyeong-dong complex, which served as a slaughterhouse for dogs, was closed by the South Korean regime.^{[7] [viii]} This motility came v years after a vote past the urban center council of Seongnam, the city where the slaughterhouse was located.^{[seven] [eight]} In a 2020 survey, 84% of the Korean population reported never having consumed dog meat nor having plans to ever do and then.^[9]

In June 2018, a South Korean municipal courtroom ruled that killing dogs for their meat was illegal, though this law did non arrive illegal to consume dog meat.^[10]

History [edit]

As a general practise, dog meat has never been a mainstream role of the Korean diet throughout the nation'due south history.^{[eleven] [12]} The consumption of dog meat can be traced back to antiquity in isolated cases, and dog bones were excavated in a neolithic settlement in Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province. A wall painting in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwanghae Province, Democratic people's republic of korea, a UNESCO Earth Heritage site dating from the 4th century CE, depicts a slaughtered dog.^[13]

Starting in the Silla Dynasty (57 BCE – 935 CE) and then during the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE), Buddhism was the state religion and eating beef was considered immoral and was at first discouraged and then banned (as oxen were regarded as human work companions).^[14] In general, animal life was regarded as sacred and eating meat was minimized; however, eating seafood remained common.^{[15] [xvi]}

During the latter function of the Goryeo Dynasty, the practice of eating dog meat was introduced by the nomadic Khitans and possibly other ethnic groups (from Manchuria), who as displaced war refugees spilled into Goryeo during the Mongol invasions. The invading Mongols lifted the beefiness ban and legalized the consumption of meat during their rule. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910 CE), the minority Khitans eventually assimilated into the social structure equally the "Baekjeong," the first butcher class, occupying the lowest grade of order.^[17] The Joseon government assigned the Baekjeong the task of addressing the feral canis familiaris trouble, and thus dog meat became a food item for the poor (and lower classes).^[18] During the Joseon Dynasty, certain regime officials argued that dogs were human companions and advocated for banning the consumption of canis familiaris meat.^[19]

In approximately 1816, Jeong Hak-yu, the 2nd son of Jeong Yak-yong, a prominent politico and scholar of Joseon dynasty at the fourth dimension, wrote a poem called Nongga Wollyeongga (농가월령가), which describes what farming families did each calendar month of the year. In the clarification of the calendar month of August, the poem tells of a married woman visiting her birth parents with boiled dog meat, rice cakes, and rice vino, thus indicating the practice at the time in a rural farming community (Ahn, 2000; Seo, 2002). Dongguksesigi (동국세시기), a volume written past Korean scholar Hong Seok-mo in 1849, contains a recipe for Bosintang including a boiled dog, green onions, and red chili pepper powder.^[20]

The 3 hottest days of summertime, set past the lunar calendar, are traditionally called Sambok (三伏), during which Koreans typically consume Samgyetang (ginseng chicken soup) or Chogyetang (common cold craven soup).^[21] Some Koreans had chosen to instead consume Bosintang, a soup containing dog meat; however, this exercise has become increasingly rare.^{[22] [23]}

Current situation [edit]

Domestic dog meat sold at Gyeongdong Market, Seoul, Due south Korea. This market place, as well as other Korean markets, no longer sells domestic dog meat due to lack of need.

In 2019, fewer than 100 restaurants served dog meat in Seoul (out of over 520,000 restaurants in Greater Seoul), as the numbers have continued to decline each year.^[24] Some restaurants are reporting declines in consumption of twenty–xxx% per year.^[25]

In 2017-2019 all major dog meat markets had close down across Republic of korea, mainly due to declining sales. In 2021, the last major dog meat market place remaining is shutting downwardly in Daegu.^[26]

On November 21, 2018, South korea closed the land's principal dog slaughterhouse, known equally Taepyeong-dong.^[8] The shambles was located in Seongnam.^[eight] The Seongnam urban center council, which voted in 2013 to close the slaughterhouse,^[8] will turn the area into a community park.^[vii]

While the consumption of dog meat has declined greatly, the excess of dogs from puppy mills of the pet industry and the growing population of dogs in shelters have emerged every bit much greater problems. Over the by decade there have been repeated campaigns past Korean fauna welfare and government agencies to prefer abandoned and mixed breed dogs.^[27]

Dogs used for meat [edit]

The primary dog breed raised for meat is a not-specific landrace commonly named as Nureongi (누렁이), or Hwanggu (황구).^{[28] [29]} Nureongi are non the merely type of dog currently slaughtered for their meat in S Korea. In 2015, The Korea Observer reported that many different pet breeds of domestic dog are bred to be eaten, including, for example, labradors, retrievers, and cocker spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat often include former pets.^[xxx] Humane Society International/Korea has been working cooperatively with dog farmers since 2015 to help them close their farms, and rehome the dogs. Every bit of August 2020, HSI has closed down xvi dog meat farms and rescued more than than 2,000 dogs. The charity documents every farm closure to show the conditions, and it is clear that all breeds of dog are found on these facilities including gilt retrievers, beagles, poodles and huskies alongside tosas and jindos.^[31]

The prior practise has been to slaughter the dogs by electrocution, though some were hung or beaten over the caput before exsanguination. Such practices are illegal under the 2007 Fauna Protection Deed and have go increasingly rare.^{[30] [32]}

Over the past few decades, dog farms accept been shifting toward the pet industry, which is orders of magnitude larger than the dog meat industry and now poses a much greater trouble.^[33] The S Korean government has been investigating rearing weather condition of the pet industry in order to improve animal welfare on these convenance facilities.^[34]

Legal status [edit]

Betwixt 1975 and 1978, dogs had the full legal status of livestock animals in Due south Korea, but the legality of the dog meat trade is now highly disputed. S Korea adopted its start Creature Protection Law in May, 1991.^[35]

Currently, Article 7 of the Animal Protection Human action does non explicitly prohibit the slaughter of dogs for food; yet, information technology "prohibits killing animals in a brutal manner". In addition, it "forbids killing the dogs in open up areas such every bit on the street or in front of other animals of the same species".^[30]

Dog meat is subject to the Food Sanitation Act/Food Hygiene Act of 1962, which simply defines food as "all foodstuff, except taken as medicine". Yet, unlike beef, pork, or poultry, dog meat is excluded from the list of livestock under the Livestock Processing Human action of 1962,^{[note 1]} which is "the principal statute governing hygienic slaughtering of livestock and processing of meat." Hence, dog meat farming is nether-regulated compared to that of other stock animals.^[36]

As a event, in that location are no regulations requiring the humane slaughter of dogs for meat, though the treatment of dogs falls under animal cruelty laws.^[32] The controversy over dog meat consumption often centers on the slaughtering methods employed, which include electrocution, strangulation by hanging, and physically beating the dog to death. According to reports from 1999, some dogs were yet alive when they were accident-torched or thrown into boiling water to remove their fur.^[37] In more contempo decades, such practices are being prosecuted by law.^{[38] [32]}

In 2008, the Seoul Metropolitan Government proposed a recommendation to the national regime to add together dogs to the list of livestock whose slaughter is regulated by law.^[39] However, activist groups attacked the proposal as legitimizing or legalizing the merchandise in canis familiaris meat.^{[40] [41]} The city dropped the proposal, but an official from the national authorities was quoted as maxim "It's the sole idea of the city. We have non been consulted at all ... I don't remember we are planning to even consider this option."^[42]

In June 2018, the municipal court of the city of Bucheon ruled that killing dogs for their meat was illegal. The landmark decision came after much criticism from animal advocates in the country. The court case was brought forward by creature rights group Coexistence of Animal Rights on Earth (Care) against a dog farm, which they said was killing animals without a real reason.^[43]

On September 27, 2021, South Korean President Moon Jae-in raised the possibility of a ban on dog meat consumption in the country.^[44]

Types of dishes [edit]

• Bosintang (보신탕; 補身湯); Gaejangguk (개장국) Stew containing boiled dog meat and vegetables.^[45]
• Gaegogi Jeongol (개고기 전골) – An elaborate dog stew fabricated in a large Jeongol pan.
• Gae Suyuk (개 수육; 개水肉)- Boiled dog meat^[45]
• Gaegogi Muchim (개고기 무침) – Steamed dog meat, Korean leeks (부추), and vegetables mixed with spices^[45]
• Gaesoju (개소주; 개燒酒) – Mixed drinkable containing dog meat and other Chinese medicine ingredients such as ginger, anecdote, and jujube to invigorate one'due south wellness.^{[46] [47]}

International attention [edit]

In 1984, preceding the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, the Due south Korean government banned the sale of canis familiaris meat within the four gates of downtown Seoul.^[48] In 2001, prior to the 2002 FIFA World Cup,^{[49] [l]} the organizers of the games, under force per unit area from animal rights groups such every bit PETA, demanded that the Korean regime re-address the issue. Brigitte Bardot, caput of La Fondation Brigitte Bardot, launched a campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup to take dog meat outlawed in Korea and encouraged a cold-shoulder of the games unless a ban took place. Bardot was in turn heavily critiqued and ridiculed for being extremely rude and condescending in her public interactions, which included calling Koreans "vicious" people and hanging up on reporters during televised interviews.^[51]

In Oct 2018, a leading Egyptian MP (Margaret Azer) suggested that Egypt consign stray dogs for meat consumption to countries like South Korea as a solution to the problem of overpopulation of stray dogs in the country.^[52] Azer'southward statements sparked a wave of criticism amidst brute rights advocates and rescuers in Egypt, although no such plans were e'er proven to be in place. This statement was made when major dog meat markets had already shut down in Due south Korea due to lack of demand.

Korean migrant workers living abroad have claimed to faced discrimination, bullying, and racism due to the stereotype of Koreans eating domestic dog meat. Such racist actions have persisted, fifty-fifty though eating dog meat is non a widespread practise in Korea. In 2021, Park Ji-Sung, a fan-favorite former player for Manchester United, asked the soccer club'south fans to finish singing a song in his honor that includes the stereotype that Koreans eat canis familiaris meat.^[53]

Asian Americans, including Korean Americans, have for many decades been subjected to racist stereotypes of Koreans and other Asians every bit dog eaters. An example is Telly host Jay Leno, who had repeatedly recycled stereotypes of Koreans eating dog meat in his jokes.^[54] In one example, during the 2002 Wintertime Olympics, Jay Leno joked that the South Korean Olympic short-runway skater Kim Dong-Sung would eat his dog.^[55] The MCIC Group filed a grade-action lawsuit against Leno on behalf of fifty,000 Korean Americans, demanding an amends and budgetary damages.^[55] Jay Leno finally apologized in 2021 for decades of making racist jokes.^[56]

Amidst the turn down in dog meat consumption in contemporary Korea, a vocal group in Korea has critiqued the international outcry toward canis familiaris meat consumption as being hypocritical.^[57] International animal rights activists have noted the hypocrisy, as well, given the horrific conditions under which manufacturing plant farmed animals are raised in the West.^[58] Some Korean citizens, also equally members of the international community, have pointed out that the nations from which most of the outcry has emerged have the highest per capita meat consumption on the planet, several-fold higher than that of South korea.^{[59] [threescore] [61]}

Controversy [edit]

In Southward Korea, a minority of people (~iii.nine% of the population, based on a 2018 survey^[62]) consume dog meat, predominantly as Bosintang (literally "body protecting soup"), which is thought to take medicinal properties. Consuming domestic dog meat is also a minority exercise in People's republic of china.^[63]

Nigh Korean Buddhists consider eating any kind of meat or dairy a moral offense.^{[64] [65] [66]}

In 2020, Nielsen Online Inquiry conducted ii surveys of 1,000 people from June to September. From the survey, 83.8% of S Koreans stated that they have never consumed dog meat and had no plans to consume it in the time to come. 58.6% supported the ban on dog meat, and 57% said that consumption of dog meat had an effect on creating negative perceptions of South Korea. Human being Gild International said, "Almost Koreans do not consume canis familiaris meat, and a growing population recognizes dogs as companion animals, not edible."^[67]

The animal welfare advocacy group Animal Welfare Institute has called for messages of protest about the dog meat trade to be sent to the South Korean president and ambassador to the Us prior to Republic of korea hosting the 2018 Winter Olympics.^[68] The charity World Dog Alliance raised a successful online petition in 2012 calling for the UK Government to intervene and oppose the cruelty. In 2015, the issue was finally debated in the House of Commons Chamber.^[69] A second argue on South korea's dog meat trade in the UK Parliament was held^{[70] [71]} on September 12, 2016, past the Petitions Committee, following an online petition which was started on petition.parliament.uk. Modify.org has over 450,000 signatures on a petition to boycott the 2018 Winter Olympics. In 2018 Humane Society International/Korea, Korea Brute Rights Advocates (KARA), and petition site Care2 hand-delivered a petition of 1 meg signatures to the President's residence, the Blueish Business firm, in Seoul, with a letter urging him to initiate a phase-out of domestic dog meat farms.^[72]

A 2019 written report institute that farmed dogs had over twice as high levels of cortisol in pilus compared pet dogs, suggesting that dogs on meat farms experience chronic physiological stress. The results, therefore, support the demand for changes in the regulations, policy and legislation surrounding the farming of dogs for meat.^[73]

Political argue [edit]

From the late 2010s, S Korean liberals, including Autonomous Party and Justice Political party, began actively questioning domestic dog meat civilization. As a event, there is a severe disharmonize between the views of the liberal military camp and the conservative camp in Republic of korea. Liberals who confront Confucian social conservatism in South Korea, basically criticize dog meat culture every bit immoral. President Moon Jae-in said he was fifty-fifty considering a legal ban on dog meat on September 28, 2021. Moon's view gained stiff support from creature rights groups.^[74] Soon after Moon'south remarks on dog meat, People Power Party spokesman Yang Joon-woo strongly criticized Moon, saying, "The country does not have the right to regulate individual tastes or eating habits".^[75] In addition, Yoon Seok-youl, a PPP candidate for the 2022 South Korean presidential election, criticized Due south Korea'due south liberal camp on Nov two, 2021, proverb that "pet domestic dog" and "eating dogs" should be distinguished.^[76] Ahn Cheol-soo pledged to gradually ban dog meat eating during the 2017 South Korean presidential ballot.^[77]

See also [edit]

• Nureongi
• Taboo food and drink
• Animal welfare and rights in South korea

Notes [edit]

1. ^ In August 1975, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (now the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) included canis familiaris in the legal definition of livestock under the Ministerial Ordinance of the LPA (then the Livestock Aseptic Treatment Act). But in June 1978, "dog" was deleted from the list of livestock. (Kim, R. 2008)

References [edit]

1. ^ "백정은 거란인의 후손이었다".
2. ^ "Cows besides cry, and so why is this debate just almost dog meat?". Money Today. September 28, 2021.
3. ^ "Should the regime be interfering even with what people eat?". MBN News. September xxx, 2021.
4. ^ "Is it true that Korea consumes 1 meg dogs per yr?". SBS News. September nine, 2021.
5. ^ "도살장 없다는 모란시장, 개196마리 불법 도살했다". nine July 2021.
6. ^ "Are domestic dog farms for canis familiaris meat soup illegal?". Money Today. June 23, 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c} "South Korea to bulldoze canis familiaris shambles". Australian Dissemination Corporation. 23 November 2018.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Seo, Bard Wilkinson,Yoonjung (November 22, 2018). "Republic of korea closes largest dog meat slaughter-house". CNN.
9. ^ "식국민 84% "개고기 소비한 적 없고, 먹을 생각 없다"". Hankyoreh News. October 23, 2020.
10. ^ "Killing dogs for meat ruled illegal by South Korean court". The Guardian. June 21, 2018.
11. ^ "개고기 식용, 한국의 전통적 식(食)문화 아니다. - 당당뉴스". world wide web.dangdangnews.com.
12. ^ Kim, Soon Hee; Kim, Myung Sunny; Lee, Myoung Sook; Park, Yong Soon; Lee, Hae Jeong; Kang, Presently-ah; Lee, Hyun Sook; Lee, Kyung-Eun; Yang, Hye Jeong; Kim, Min Jung; Lee, Young-Eun; Kwon, Dae Young (2016). "Korean diet: Characteristics and historical groundwork". Journal of Ethnic Foods. three: 26. doi:x.1016/j.jef.2016.03.002.
13. ^ "개고기/함혜리 논설위원". Seoul Newspaper. April 15, 2008.
14. ^ "육식 문화의 역사 및 한민족의 정체성". 21 March 2018.
15. ^ "Commodity" (PDF). db.history.go.kr.
16. ^ keizo. "[스크랩] 고려시대 식생활의 역사 (채식사)".
17. ^ "[역사 속 다문화 21] 파란 눈의 조선인, 백정(화척·양수척)". 뉴스워치. April 26, 2016.
18. ^ "'조선' 카테고리의 글 목록 (iii Page)". 개고기 역사 독립 연구소.
19. ^ 미디어오늘 (vii September 2013). "보신탕 찬반 논쟁, 조선시대에도 있었다".
20. ^ [one] 2008 Seoul Shinmoon commodity
21. ^ "Hottest days of the year – Sambok 삼복". www.kimchiandbasil.com.
22. ^ "No identify for the canis familiaris meat soup eating house..."not fifty-fifty on Boknal Twenty-four hours are people eating dog meat"". Seoul Economics 서울경제. July 16, 2020.
23. ^ "Boknal canis familiaris meat is old news... increasing rejection of dog meat". Choongbook Daily. July seven, 2021.
24. ^ "텅텅 빈 보신탕집, 손님 꽉 찬 마라탕집…확 달라진 초복 풍경". Asia Economics. 7 July 2019.
25. ^ "점심·저녁 예약 '0건'… 초복인데 유명 보신탕집 썰렁한 이유". world wide web.dt.co.kr.
26. ^ "Nationwide, the terminal remaining Daegu Chilseong Dog Market place is shutting downwardly". Hankook Ilbo. January 20, 2021.
27. ^ "Seoul to encourage abased dog adoption via 'walking' entrada". Aju Business Daily. May 19, 2017.
28. ^ Podberscek, Anthony 50. (2009). "Expert to Pet and Consume: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and Cats in South korea" (PDF). Journal of Social Issues. 65 (3): 615–632. CiteSeerXx.1.1.596.7570. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01616.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-xix.
29. ^ Dog Meat Foods in Korea, Ann, Yong-Geun, Korean Medical Database
30. ^ ^{a b c} Hyams, J. (Jan 15, 2015). "One-time pets slaughtered for domestic dog meat across Korea". The Korea Observer. Retrieved July half dozen, 2015.
31. ^ "Humane Society International".
32. ^ ^{a b c} "S.Korea to grant legal status to animals to tackle abuse, abandonment". Reuters.
33. ^ "Where did those beautiful dogs come from". Hankyoreh. May 27, 2016.
34. ^ "2020 Companion Animal Protection and Welfare Survey Results". Korea Policy Briefing. May 17, 2021.
35. ^ International Aid for Korean Animals. "Republic of korea's animal protection laws". International Assistance for Korean Animals. Retrieved July vii, 2016.
36. ^ Kim, R.E. (2007). "Dog meat in Korea: A socio-legal claiming". Brute Law. xiv: 201.
37. ^ "BBC News - Earth - Dogs 'blow-torched' alive". news.bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.
38. ^ "도심 속 개 불법사육장에 임의도축까지 '동물 학대' 등 경찰수사 착수". 전북도민일보. September eight, 2021.
39. ^ "Seoul Categorizing Dogs as Livestock". koreatimes. March 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
40. ^ "복날 앞두고 개고기 합법화 반대 시위 열려". 노컷뉴스. July 18, 2008.
41. ^ Ramstad, Evan. "Seoul Hounds Meat Vendors For Cleaner Chow".
42. ^ [2] "Dogs may be designated as livestock" Brian Lee, Korea Joong Ang Daily. Apr 12, 2008
43. ^ "Killing dogs for meat ruled illegal by South Korean court". TheGuardian.com. 21 June 2018.
44. ^ "S Korean President Moon Jae-In Considers Ban on Eating Dog Meat - September 28, 2021". Daily News Cursory. 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2021-10-04 .
45. ^ ^{a b c} "더위 달구는 개고기 열전". news.naver.com.
46. ^ South Korea'due south dog twenty-four hours, BBC News, 17 August 1999.
47. ^ [3] Doosan Encyclopedia
48. ^ "Announcement of Seoul Dog Meat Ban (1984)". MBC News. February 27, 2019.
49. ^ "Fifa warns S Korea over domestic dog meat". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 2001-11-06. Retrieved 2006-12-01 .
50. ^ "South Korea dog meat row deepens". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 2001-xi-12. Retrieved 2006-12-01 .
51. ^ "Bardot gets a roasting by Koreans". Korea JoongAng Daily. January 5, 2003.
52. ^ "بحثا عن المال.. الكلاب الضالة بمصر للتصدير". October 10, 2018. Archived from the original on ten October 2018.
53. ^ "Quondam Manchester United Player Condemns Racist Fan Song". The New York Times. October four, 2021.
54. ^ "Asian Americans call on NBC to cut ties with Jay Leno afterward dog-eating joke". NBC News. Dec 17, 2019.
55. ^ ^{a b} Feffer, John (May 13, 2002). "The Politics of Dog". American Prospect. 13 (x): 30–33.
56. ^ "Jay Leno Apologizes for Decades of Jokes About Asians: 'In My Heart I Knew It Was Incorrect'". Variety. March 24, 2021.
57. ^ "Korea dog meat campaigners accused of hypocrisy". December 27, 2017.
58. ^ "It's 'a contradiction' that we condemn eating dogs only non pigs". CBC News. December 15, 2017.
59. ^ "So, eating cows, chickens, and pigs is ok, only just don't eat dogs?". News Post. Oct six, 2020.
60. ^ "America's Hypocrisy on Dog Meat". July 8, 2020.
61. ^ "These are the countries that eat the near meat".
62. ^ "개고기에 대한 오해와 진실". brunch. July 2, 2018.
63. ^ "Study reveals Chinese dog eating as minority activity with widespread support for ban". www.animalsasia.org.
64. ^ 마성 (6 October 2004). 불교는 육식을 금하는 종교인가 [Is Buddhism a Organized religion that Restricts Meat Eating?]. The Buddhist Review (in Korean). Seoul, Korea. Retrieved 16 October 2010. 현재 한국의 사찰에서는 관습적으로 육식을 금하고 있기 때문이다.
65. ^ "What is Korean Buddhist Temple Cuisine?".
66. ^ "Why Foodies Should Get to Know Korean Temple Cuisine".
67. ^ "한국인 84% "개고기 먹은 적 없고, 먹을 생각 없다"". 인사이트. Oct 23, 2020.
68. ^ Animal Welfare Institute. "The domestic dog meat trade". Animal Welfare Institute. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
69. ^ "MPs debate the domestic dog meat trade - News from Parliament". UK Parliament.
70. ^ "UK Parliamentary Debate on South Korean Domestic dog-Meat Trade: agreement that UK Representatives will have positive action to accost the issue with S Korean Counterparts. - Cease the Dog and Cat Consumption in S. Korea!". Stop the Dog and True cat Consumption in South. Korea!. September 13, 2016. Retrieved April iv, 2017.
71. ^ "Ministers to printing for South Korea dog trade reforms". BBC News. September 12, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
72. ^ "Campaigners in Seoul take nearly ane 1000000 petition signatures to South korea's President Moon Jae-in calling for an finish to the dog meat merchandise". August 20, 2018.
73. ^ Maxwell, Natalie; Buchanan, Callum; Evans, Neil (November 27, 2019). "Hair cortisol concentrations, as a measure out of chronic activeness within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal centrality, is elevated in dogs farmed for meat, relative to pet dogs, in S Korea". Animal Welfare. 28 (4): 389–395. doi:10.7120/09627286.28.iv.389. S2CID 208491200 – via eprints.gla.ac.uk.
74. ^ "동물단체들, 문 대통령 '개 식용 금지 검토'에 "더 없이 반가운 소식"". Hankook Ilbo. 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-12-xiv .
75. ^ "양준우 "개고기 식용 금지? 국가가 개인 식습관까지 규제할 권리없다"". Korea Economic Daily. 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2021-12-14 .
76. ^ "윤석열 "식용견 따로 있다"에 동물권 단체 "몰지각한 망언" 발끈". Hankook Ilbo. 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-12-14 .
77. ^ "안철수, "'개고기'식용 단계적으로 금지하겠다"". 서울경제. 2017-04-thirty. Retrieved 2022-01-17 .

Sources [edit]

• Ahn, Y. (2000). 한국인과 개고기 [Koreans and dog meat]. Seoul: Hyoil. (ISBN 8985768964)
• Seo, J. (2002). 한국무속인열전 1 [Korean Shamans I]. Seoul: Woosuk Publishing. (ISBN 8936104314)

Farther reading [edit]

• Yong-Geun Ann, PhD. Dog Meat (in Korean and English). Hyoil Volume Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-18 . (contains some recipes)
• June Kim. The Dog Butcher.
• An English translation of the Korean Brute Protection Police force (2007)

External links [edit]

Dog at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject

• Practice Koreans Actually Eat Canis familiaris? About.com
• Dog meat: Koreans are divided over the issue BBC

bellsorephy.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_meat_consumption_in_South_Korea

Share this post